Vaginal tightening surgeries are among the aesthetic applications frequently performed today. The vagina, which can expand due to age, pregnancy, childbirth or hormonal reasons, regains its former tightness with vaginal tightening operations.

Vagina deformations may occur in women for some reasons. One of these deformations is vaginal enlargement. Vaginal enlargement can negatively affect women’s sexual life. In addition, vaginal infections can be seen more frequently in case of vaginal enlargement. In order to prevent these and to restore the anatomy of the vagina, vaginal tightening surgery, vaginoplasty, is performed.

The vagina consists of muscle and connective tissue. These tissues can be affected and enlarged due to advancing age, genetic structure and pregnancy. Tears in the muscle and connective tissue can occur in difficult births and increase the risk of vaginal enlargement. In addition, the sound coming from the vagina during sexual intercourse can also affect people negatively.

Vaginoplasty takes an average of 1 hour under general anesthesia in a hospital environment. After the operation, the patient is discharged after staying in the hospital for 1 night on average.

The stomach is the largest part of the gastrointestinal tract and is the first digestive organ into which food enters immediately after the esophagus. Here the food is treated with stomach acid and broken down into smaller pieces. After about 3-4 hours, the food is thrown into the duodenum. Digestion continues here. The stomach secretes substances involved in the absorption of iron, which is necessary for blood formation, and in the absorption of vitamin B12.

Stomach ulcers and gastritis are the most common stomach disorders. Some stomach ulcers are mistaken for stomach cancers. To find out, endoscopy is performed and a sample is taken and sent to pathology for diagnosis. While the treatment of stomach diseases is medication, surgical treatment should be performed in the presence of cancer.

Gastric polyps, i.e. moles originating from inside the stomach, should also be removed endoscopically. If there is cancer inside the polyps or if they are very large, surgical treatment is necessary.

Gastric cancers are common cancers and their diagnosis and treatment require a specialized approach. Patients often present with weight loss, bleeding or obstruction. The most effective diagnostic method is to see the tumor by endoscopic examination and to take a piece of the tumor and evaluate it in pathology. In addition, radiological examinations such as whole abdomen tomography and PET-CT should be performed to understand the extent of the tumor.

Neoadjuvant treatment can be applied in appropriate patients. The main treatment is surgery and the tumor should be removed together with the surrounding tissue and lymph nodes.

These procedures, which take approximately 2-4 hours, can be performed as closed (laparoscopic) or open surgery. In appropriate cases, laparoscopic surgery allows the patient to have a lighter and less painful hospitalization period lasting approximately 1 week after surgery. After all procedures are completed, patients are referred to the relevant units for oncologic treatment.

Although there are dozens of benign diseases of the large intestine, the most common ones are ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, microbial colitis such as dysentery, colon polyps, diverticulosis coli, diverticulitis, irritable (spastic) colon. All these conditions are followed up with medication.
Polyps are one of the most important diseases of the large intestine. They are sessile or broad-based and can be of different sizes. Polyps in the large intestine are precursors of cancer, meaning that cancers develop from them and therefore need to be removed.

The most important disease of the large intestine is cancer.
Patients presenting with constipation, weight loss, abdominal pain and bleeding from the rectum should be investigated for cancer. Patients should be examined for this purpose and the stage of the disease should be determined by performing procedures such as colonoscopy, biopsy, whole abdomen tomography and PET-CT.
Patients diagnosed with cancer are treated with surgery, while preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant Td) may be required for cancers located in the rectum.
Patients diagnosed with cancer should preferably be operated with closed (laparoscopic) surgery method after surgical preparation. In laparoscopic treatments, hospitalization time is shorter and there is less pain and scarring.
Patients without any problems are discharged after hospitalization for 5-7 days after surgery.
After the scars heal, patients are treated and followed up in the oncology clinic.
Chemo-radiotherapy may not be necessary for tumors caught at an early stage.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix . Cancer precursors (CIN) occur when the cells that make up the surface of the cervix develop into abnormal cells. If they are not detected and treated early, they can develop into cancer.elzemdir. 

The most common cause of these cell changes in the cervix is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. Sexually transmitted HPV can cause cervical cancer. HPV vaccination is therefore essential.

Cervical cancer, the most common type of cancer in women, may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, vaginal bleeding and discharge, pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse, and a feeling of fullness and mass in the vagina can be observed. Therefore, routine screening programs for early diagnosis are of great importance in the fight against this disease.

Prevention of cervical cancer:

• Women aged 21-65 should not neglect routine screening tests such as smears and HPV.

• Avoid smoking and tobacco products.

• Maintain an ideal weight.

• Take precautions against sexually transmitted diseases.

• The immune system should be strengthened.

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ that secretes thyroid hormones (T3, T4) into the body and is located in the midline of the neck in front of and on both sides of the trachea. Hypothyroidism occurs as a result of the gland secreting less hormone, and hyperthyroidism, known as toxic goiter among the people, occurs as a result of excessive secretion. A mass called nodule and associated cancers may develop in it. Apart from these, there are inflammatory diseases called thyroiditis of autoimmune origin (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Basedow Graves) or microbial origin.D

• Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are treated with drugs, while toxic goiters that do not respond to treatment, large cancer-suspected nodules and cancer-diagnosed nodules are treated surgically.
• The most important reason for the formation of nodules is iodine deficiency in water.
• Nodules are basically evaluated with neck ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).
• In the presence of nodules diagnosed as cancer or suspected, surgical treatment should be performed.

Depending on the location and size of the tumor and nodules, patients are performed either bilateral total thyroidectomy or unilateral total thyroidectomy. If the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck region, neck dissection operations should be performed in order to clean the glands in the neck.

The thyroid gland is an important surgery because of the adjacent vocal nerves and the presence of 4 lentil-sized parathyroid glands that manage bone metabolism. In case of injury to the vocal nerve, permanent hoarseness and shortness of breath develop. In order to prevent these problems, it is necessary to use a monitoring device that shows the nerves as well as a meticulous surgery. Surgical experience is critical at this stage.

Surgical treatment can be done open and closed, namely laparoscopic surgery (TOETVA). In the closed method, thyroid surgery is performed by entering through the mouth. The purpose of this method is not to leave a visible scar on the neck. Today, cosmetic surgeries are preferred by patients.

What awaits patients after goiter surgery?

Patients are definitely prepared for surgery, including thyroid hormone tests. Hormone levels must be normal for surgery. The surgery takes about 2 hours. Nerve monitoring must be done in the surgery. If everything goes well, the patients who are hospitalized for 1 day after the operation are discharged by removing their drains.

After about a week, the pathology result is evaluated.

Patients diagnosed with cancer are referred to Nuclear Medicine centers for Radioactive Iodine therapy (Atom therapy).

Thyroid hormone medication is started and followed-up for those who come clean as a result of pathology.

Parathyroid gland diseases and surgery

They are glands that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) as large as 4 lentils, two on the right and two on the left, on the thyroid gland. They regulate the body’s calcium metabolism. It is the hormone that has the most important role in bone formation and destruction.

These glands must be protected during thyroid surgery. In addition, there are adenomas of the parathyroid gland that cause enlargement and excess hormone secretion, and their treatment is surgical. Surgical removal of structures called adenomas provides definitive treatment.

The treatment is done by open surgery or closed laparoscopic method. Removing the correct gland and protecting the nerves is critical in surgery.